Can I fly back to Dubai a week after returning to Russia without problems at Russian border control?

A short gap between returning to Russia and flying back to Dubai is not itself a reason to deny departure. Frequent travel may lead to extra questions, but it does not remove the right to leave.

Russian border officers can prevent a citizen from leaving only where a legally defined ground or exit restriction applies. If none applies, the traveler should be allowed through.

Even very frequent flights are not automatically prohibited: border control may check the circumstances and any restrictions, but travel frequency is not a legal basis for refusal on its own.